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Performance Evaluation Performance Evaluations Essay

Performance evaluations are significant tools to assess how well an individual or a team is performing as well as to help improve quality, productivity, and efficiency. However, because work has become more team-oriented, performance appraisals now tend to focus on measuring how a team’s output rather than how an individual performs his or her duty. Most of the time, individual’s rating is translated from group performance, which raises a lot issues of fairness and equity when a person does not get what he or she deserves. Therefore, in addition to evaluating the group’s output, it is essential to determine individual’s contribution in order to eliminate the complication. This is not always easy, but developing meaningful metrics can help find and implement the right approach to evaluate individual performance, specifically in the two different situations where a team in a typical college course and a team in an organization that hopes to make significant improvements to their organization over the next two years. A team in a typical college course As team-based projects become inevitable in college classrooms, instructors and team leaders are constantly in search of various tools for members to effectively evaluate one another. Even though creating evaluation methods can be a little daunting, the peer evaluation can be constructed by articulating specific criteria and ensuring honest participation. For instance, one can rate each team member base on the following rubric: †¢Show MoreRelatedPerformance Evaluation : Performance Evaluations1518 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance Evaluations There are numerous reasons why organizations evaluate their staff, the main reason being to track employee progress and performance compared to expected objectives. I do not contest that performance evaluations play an important role in assessing the overall performance of an employee. However, given the large leaps taken with regards to technology and organizational changes within organizations, I think that performance evaluations have failed to advance at the same paceRead MoreEvaluation Of A Performance Evaluation1719 Words   |  7 PagesCompetency 317.1.6: Performance Evaluation In this paper, I will discuss how to develop and how to recommend and implement an effective performance evaluation process. To begin, I will define what should be evaluated in a performance evaluation. I will than discuss and compare the relative value of common sets of evaluation criteria. Next, I will explain how it can be advantageous to have supervisors, peers and subordinates all participate in the evaluation process. Also, I will explain how it canRead MorePerformance Evaluations : The Performance Evaluation Process1121 Words   |  5 PagesPerformance Evaluations are a headache to many managers in the employment community. They can make it difficult to have a great workplace connection. In addition, they make it hard to accomplish goal performances. The performance evaluation system is a dislike process by em-ployees and their supervisors. According to Chan Yung (2002), â€Å"The performance evaluation is quite subjective since it relies on the individual judgements of supervisors who have different per-ceptions of the process performance†Read MoreEvaluation Of A Performance Evaluation1429 Words   |  6 Pagesto gather information around the rating of satisfactory with the absence of supporting documentation is unproductive for both employee and supervisor. Even more concerning, is that the performance appraisal provided nothing in way of performance development or progressive stategies to take the employee to the next level. As such, the future state of this department will encompass a strategy to train and devlop talent to meet the organiztional initatves of the company overall. Including a responseRead MoreEvaluation Of A Performance Evaluation977 Words   |  4 PagesPerformance Evaluation Year 0 – 2015 Table 1 Source: Capsim: The Globe Report Round 0 All the companies in the class started together in year 2015 with equal financials and market share as shown above. Year 1 – 2016 The above results show how the management took decisions for Year 1; the results show that Baldwin is was not following its strategies and achieving its planned objectives. In the first year Baldwin was selling only one product called Baker in the US and Asian markets. Baker wasRead MoreEvaluation Of A Performance Evaluation Based On The Performance Of The Individual884 Words   |  4 PagesFor instance, loyalty, dynamism, leadership sociability, creativity are characteristics required in wide variety of jobs. This type of evaluation is popular, although it remains widely criticized (McGregor, 1957). Many specialists believe that personality traits are unobservable, therefore, difficult to define and measure. These can cause bias in the evaluation and shorten the validity because â€Å"the respect we hold for the inherent value of the individual leaves us distresses when we must take responsibilityRead MoreEvaluation Of Evaluation And Performance Measurement907 Words   |  4 Pagesand Hawthorn (2012) second edition, Program Evaluation and Performance Measurement: An Introduction to Practice. Chapter 10 reviews performance measurements systems and h ow they are used, their effect and accountability. Evaluators and program managers and their connection is reviewed in Chapter 11. Additionally, how this connection is affected by the evaluation purpose and organizational contexts. Chapter 12 deals with the methodology of a good evaluation and points out that there has not been anRead MorePerformance Appraisal : Performance Evaluation1275 Words   |  6 PagesYearly performance reviews are a key part of many workplaces across the country and is an instrumental way for employers to document employees performance throughout the past year. These performance reviews also provide employees with the knowledge off what they have done well and what they should try to improve on. However, there are multiple other ways in which performance reviews can be utilized and numerous types of reviews that can be used. â€Å"Performance appraisal can be viewed as the processRead MorePerformance Appraisal : Performance Evaluation806 Words   |  4 PagesPerformance Appraisal An effective method of performance evaluation is the 360-degree performance appraisal. This method utilizes supervisor(s), subordinates, peers, and occasionally customer feedback to provide the employee a clear picture how their actions affect others in the workplace (Dalton, 1996). Areas on a performance evaluation that utilize the 360-degree performance appraisal elements are; cooperation and teamwork, initiative and judgment, dependability, and customer service. TheseRead MoreEvaluation Of Performance Evaluation And Appraisal3893 Words   |  16 PagesHRM Case Writing – Performance Evaluation and Appraisal in an IT Organization. Course: PGCBM – 27 Name of the Faculty: Prof. M. Srimannarayana Prof Anuratha Venkataraman Subject: Human Resource Management (HRM1RB15-1) Submitted By: Mr. ROHIT RAJAN Roll No/SID.:- RB15042 Name of Centre: Bannerghatta Road, Bangalore Executive Summary: Performance Evaluation and Appraisal is an essential and integral part of Human Resource Management. This study aims to measure the challenges/issues

Bio book outline Free Essays

string(47) " organisms built from the same 20 amino acids\." All organisms in the forest Population- Group of relatable monkeys , all Individuals In a single area Organism; ring tailed lemur an Individual living thing Organ system- Nervous system ,nervous system controls Its actions, organs working getter. Organ- made up of, similar cells that performs a specific function tissue Cell-fundamental unit of life Organelle- membrane enclosed structure that performs a specific function Molecule- cluster of small chemical units atoms held together by molecular bond Deoxyribonucleic acid CHI. Matter- anything that occupies space and has mass Element- a substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means. We will write a custom essay sample on Bio book outline or any similar topic only for you Order Now 92 elements Compound-two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. More common than lone elements. Trace elements- in the body only make up about 0. 04% of your body weight but vital for energy processing. Electrons- two revolve on an orbital(discrete volume of space where E are found) around the nucleus at about the speed of light. Move around the nucleus only at specific energy levels called Electron Shells Protons + Neutrons = Mass # The number of ejectors In an atoms outer valence shell determines Its overall chemical properties. Atomic number-the first number (number of protons) particles and energy. Medical diagnosis and treatment: Used to tag chemicals that accumulate in the body Phosphorous in bones, inject a tracer isotope. PET scanner produces an image of where the radiation collects, Shimmers patient. Deposits of plaque in the brain beta-myeloid show up on PET. This test allows researchers to monitor the effectiveness of new drugs on people. Orbital- 1. Each ring can only have 2 electrons, 2. 2nd and 3rd ring: four orbital, Outer ring can hold 8 3. Number of electrons increases from left to right per. Table Valence Shell- Number of electrons on outermost ring. Determines an atoms. Chemical properties. Valence number; number of additional electrons needed to fill the threshold, bonding capacity Chemical Bonds: two atoms with incomplete tortoiseshells react and donate electrons to complete their outer shells. Covalent Bond; two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shells. TWO or more atoms that share this bond are called Molecule. Electronegative- an toms attraction for shared electrons. Unpopular covalent bonds- electrons shared evenly between atoms. When atoms of a molecule equally pull on electrons. Happens in molecules of same elements. Methane also has a unpopular bond because carbon and hydrogen atoms rant that different. 02, H2O Polar covalent bonds- Molecules with different electromagnetisms attract. The unequal sharing of electrons, pulling shared negatively charges closer to a the more electronegative atom. H2O 0 Oxygen is slightly negative and Hydrogen slightly positive. Unequal sharing of electrons. Polar Molecule- polar covalent bond and V shape molecule. Slightly unequal distribution of charges. Slightly negative points at the V. H2O 0 Slightly positive on hydrogen, points to the O Ion- an atom or molecule with an electrical charge due to gain or loss of one or more electrons. 1 Two ions with opposite charges attract catheter. When the attraction holds together its an Ionic Bond. Salt- sodium chloride Nasal, crystals in nature. Sodium chloride always 1;1 ratio. An Hydrogen Bond- a weaker bond that holds together briefly than separates. The charged regions in each water molecule are attracted to opposite lay charged regions on neighbor molecules. Because the positively charged region in this bond is always a hydrogen atom it gets its name. Each hydrogen of a water molecule can form a hydrogen bond with a nearby partial negative oxygen of another water molecule. Can bond to as many as 4 partners. Heat absorbed when they break, heat is released when they form. When it cools) Overarching Theme: The structures of atoms and molecules determines the way they behave. Reactant- Starting materials to the left of the arrow Product- to the right , results from chemical reaction. Cohesion-the tendency for molecules of the same kid to stick together. The evaporation of water is an upward force on the water within a leaf. Adhesion- the clinging of one substance to another. Counters the downward pull of gravity, water sticking to the veins of a plant. Surface tension- the measure of how difficult it is to break or stretch the surface of a liquid. Hydrogen bonds gig water an unusually high surface tension Evaporative Cooling- When a substance evaporates and the surface of the liquid that mains cools down. The molecules with the greatest energy leave. Solution- A uniform mixture of two or more substances. The dissolving agent is the Solvent (water) and a substance that is dissolved (salt) is the solute. Aqueous Solution- where water is the solvent. How salt mixes with water. The partial negative Oxygen in H2O is attracted to the slightly positive An+ sodium ions and the slightly positive hydrogen ions are attracted to the slightly negative chloride CLC- Dissociate-break apart into ions. Hydrogen ions H+ and Hydroxide OH- re very reactive. Some chemicals contribute H=, some remove. A impound that donates H+ to solutions is Acid- has a higher concentration of H+ them from a solution. More basic solution has higher hydroxide OH- and lower hydrogen H+. PH scale- potential odd hydrogen. O most acidic, 14 most basic. Each unit represents a lox times change. PH 2 has lox more H+ than pH 3. 7 is equal. PH of blood plasma is about 7. 4 Buffers-biological substances that minimize changes in PH. Blood buffers acid more than water. Acid Rain- precipitation with pH lower than 5. Ocean acidification- dissolving CA in seawater lowers oceans PH. CA reacts with water to create carbonic acid. Calcification, how some organism produce shells. Heat- the amount of energy associated with the movement of atoms and molecules in a body of water. Temperature- measures the intensity of the heat. The average speed of molecules rather than the total amount of heat. Chapter 3. The molecules of ce lls (crabs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid) Variety of polymers makes up for uniqueness of species. Living organisms built from the same 20 amino acids. You read "Bio book outline" in category "Papers" Small molecules common to all are ordered into large molecules which vary from species to species. Carbon is attached to almost all molecules a cell makes and is unparalleled in its ability to form large and complex molecules. Organic Compounds- carbon-based compounds, Carbon has 4 electrons on the valence shell that holds 8, room for 4 covalent bonds. A great connecting point to line up 4 different directions. Hydrocarbons- compounds composed of only hydrogen and carbon. Methane, and propane are hydrocarbon fuels. Carbon skeleton- chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule. Can be branched or unbranded May include double bonds and some are in rings. Isomers- Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements. Some molecules can have the same number of atoms, but have different three emotional shapes because of the location of the double bond. Sometimes harmful effects. One isomer of methamphetamine is the addictive illegal drug. The other is medicine for sinus congestion. The shape of a molecule determines the it functions in the body. Different shapes of isomers result in unique properties and greatly add to diversity of organic molecules. Hydrophilic- water loving, soluble in water. The first 5 functional groups act this way. Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carbonyl, amino, phosphate. Groups, hydroxyl, amino, and phosphate don’t contain Carbon 1 . Hydroxyl- hydrogen atom bonded to oxygen, then binned to carbon skeleton. Alcohols. 2. Carbonyl- carbon atom linked with double bond to oxygen. If carbonyl group is at the end of a carbon skeleton its an allayed. If its within the chain it is called a ketene. 3. Carbonyl- carbon double bond to an oxygen atom and also a hydroxyl group. Carboxylic acids. Acetic acid like vinegar. 4. Amino group-nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen and the carbon skeleton. Iconic compounds with an amino group are called Amines. The building blocks of proteins are called amino acids. They contain an amino and carbonyl group. 5. Phosphate group- phosphorous bonded to 4 oxygen atoms. Compounds with hostage groups are called organic phosphates- involved in energy transfer TAP. 6. Methyl group- Consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen. Compounds with methyl groups are called mentholated compounds. Macromolecules- crabs, proteins, nucleic acids might be gigantic, thousands of atoms. Polymers- Chains of smaller molecules. Consists of many identical or similar building blocks. Dehydration Reaction, a reaction that removes a molecule of water. Cells link monomers to make polymers this way. Links two monomers together Hydrolysis- the breaking down of macromolecules, digesting polymers to make monomers available. In digestion, the proteins are broken down into amino acids by hydrolysis, new proteins are formed in your body cells from these monomers in dehydration reactions. Both dehydration and hydrolysis require enzymes- specialized macromolecules that speed of the chemical reaction in cells. Proteins- are built of only 20 amino acids, DNA is built from Just 4 kinds of monomers called Nucleotides Carbohydrate- a class of molecules ranging from small sugar macroeconomics, to large polysaccharide Crab monomers are monsoons ( single sugars) glucose and fructose Disaccharide- cells construct one of these from two incarcerations by dehydration action. Sucrose most common, (glucose linked to fructose) from sugarcane and sugar beets. Maltose also common, beer, malted milk, High fructose corn syrup- the missionaries of sucrose Polysaccharide- are macromolecules, thousands of monomaniacs linked together by dehydration reactions. Glycogen, and cellulose. Starch- Storage polysaccharide in plants of all glucose monomers. Bans from which plant cells gather glucose for energy. Glycogen- animals store glucose this way, a different polysaccharide. Stored in your liver and muscle cells. Cellulose- tough walls that surround the cell, most abundant compound. Not a nutrient for humans because animals can’t hydrology the linkages. The cellulose that phosphorous the body unchanged is called insoluble fiber. Bath tools are mostly cellulose, very hydrophilic absorbs water because of hydroxyl groups. Chitin- another polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build their cells, Both starch and cellulose and polymers of glucose but have different shaped bonds. Starch is for sugar storage, cellulose is a structural polysaccharide that is the main material of the plant cell wall. Lipids- diverse compounds grouped together because of one trait: they don’t mix ell in water. Hydrogen and carbon linked by unpopular covalent bonds. Lipids are Hydrophobic- water fearing Fat- a large lipid made up of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol an local with three carbons, each with a hydroxyl group (OH-). + a hydrocarbon chain (16-18 carbon atoms in Engel) the unpopular hydrocarbon is why fats are hydrophobic. Unsaturated fatty acid- has one fewer hydrogen atom on each carbon of the double bond. Saturated Fatty acids- Fatty acids with no double bonds in their hydrocarbon chain that have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Corn Oil, Olive oil, vegetable oil. Trans Fats- When you see hydrogenated vegetable oil, unsaturated fats have been converted to saturated fats by adding hydrogen. Health risks, contribute to cardiovascular disease plaque, Omega-3 acids protect A monounsaturated fat has fatty acid with a single double bond in its carbon chain. A Polyunsaturated fat has a fatty acid with several double bonds. Phosphoric- major component of cell membranes. Contain only two fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of three. Hydrophilic phosphate on one end and hydrophobic fatty acids on the other trap water inside, the membrane. Steroids- are lipids with four fused carbon skeleton rings. Cholesterol- common in animal cell membranes, starting material for making steroids and sex hormones. Proteins-a polymer arrangement of 20 amino acids 20 amino monomers. Amino Acids- all have an amino group and a carbonyl group, which makes it acid. Peptide Bond- Cells Join amino acids together In a dehydration reaction that that links the carbonyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed. Both depicted and disaccharide the monomers are Joined by dehydration reactions. Denomination- polypeptide chains unravel loosing their specific shape and function The function of each protein is a consequence of its specific shape, which is lost when protein denatures. A proteins shape depends on four levels of structure Primary Structure- is its unique sequence of amino acids Secondary- Coiling of a polypeptide into local patterns.. Cooling of the polypeptide chain in a secondary structure called an ALPHA HELIX, leads to a BETA PLEATED SHEATH. Tertiary- the overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide, determines the function of a protein. Quaternary structure- two or more polypeptide chains one macromolecule. Collagen, a fibrous protein with three helical polypeptides intertwined into a larger ripple helix. Incorrectly folded proteins = alchemies and Parkinson. If a genetic mutation changes the primary structure of a protein, how might this destroy the protein functions? The amino acid sequence affects the secondary structure, which affects the tertiary, then the quarterly, Thus the primary structure determines the shape of a protein, its function depends on shape. A chaos could eliminate function. Nucleic Acids Gene- the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of reticence. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two polymers called nucleic acid. One of the too polymers called Nucleic acid. Provided direction for its own replication, as a cell divides its genetic instructions are passed to each daughter cell. RNA- ribonucleic acid, illustrates the main roles of the SE two types of nucleic acids the production of proteins. A gene directs the synthesis of an RNA molecule. RNA cell. Translates nucleic acid language into protein language Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Nucleotides- the monomers that make up nucleic acids. Each contain 3 parts, At the center a five carbon sugar, negatively charged phosphate group, nitrogenous base. Each DNA nucleotide has one of four nitrogenous bases, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, ND Guanine. RNA contains, GAG U racial instead of thymine. How to cite Bio book outline, Papers

Humble Debut Albums and Job free essay sample

How did you get your first Job? Today I will be writing you about my journey and my first day on the Job at Alienate. Now almost a year later I am writing this essay on my Journey on how I got a Job at Alienate. Many people will tell you I Just turned an application, and I got hired. Not a lot would tell you the Journey and the hardships of finding a Job. It was a very spontaneous moment, a very Intense Walt and an exciting first day at the Job. So It was July of 2013, I was unemployed for about two months. I got tired of irking at McDonalds and making very little money. I wanted something new and something that will pay me better so I can pay my way thru college. But at that point any job would have been better than being unemployed. It was kind unexpected, I Just kind stumbled upon on. We will write a custom essay sample on Humble: Debut Albums and Job or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My mom and I was at Leant eating at the buffet. After we decided to see if there Is any openings. So we went to the employment center and thats where I met this lady named Alma she was a very helpful person and was part of the reason I got the job. I turned in the application in didnt think anything about it. So I just let it be and didnt think anything about it. Shortly after, I say about a week or so I can get this call from an unknown number. To my surprise it was Alma and she told me to come in for an interview a week later. I was very happy I had a lot of emotion going threw me. Usually when I used to turn an app, nothing really happened but I got this panel interview. A week passed by and and before I knew I was in this panel interview. Basically the panel interview for me as a room full of people, which they have to introduce your self and and answer interview questions. There was a group of people Judging us, grading our performances, and our answers. Luckily they liked me and I passed the panel interview. To my surprise I had another interview, this interview was with my future boss. Alma told me that interview was in another week. The day came I passed that interview with breeze I was kind nervous. So I passed that interview and my boss Jessie told me to go to HER to get started. Her then told me I had to go threw aground check and drug testing. At that point I was Just ready to go to work. So another two weeks pass by and finally, finally I can start making some money. Overall It was a good month till I had my first day at my Job. Finally the day came, first day on the Job. First It was the orientation, they explained how everything works at a casino. Things you can and cannot do and so on. So the next day is when you officially started. My Job Is fairly easy, Im a kitchen worker so basically they showed me what to do around the kitchen help the cooks out.Operate the dishwasher, make sure everything Is nice and clean. The first day I got lost, behind the shimmer and glamour there are hall ways where leads to restaurants and offices and so on. But Its Like a maze If you dont know your way around It you will get lost. Thats what happened to me, but thankfully this old lady showed me the way around. Which I was thankful because I was almost going to be is when I got there it was and it still is Just a Job nothing special. The only difference is that I will be making a fair amount of money compared to McDonalds.But with this job I can move around learn new things. And luckily for me they like giving chances to people that are fairly new to the field. In conclusion the Journey was long, the wait was eating me alive, and the first day was Just a first day. Now a year later I told you about my little Journey. The Job grew on me and I made lots of new friends. From its humble beginning to finding out there really isnt much to it, it Just pays better than most Jobs. I see alienate as a starting point to my career this little Job is Just a humble beginning in my career.

True Meaning of Homophobia free essay sample

A detailed look at aspects of homophobia and how it affects todays society. This paper looks at the roots of homophobia. The author provides a definition of homophobia and explains the way it is perceived today. Included are examples and case studies.The author attempts to explain how homophobia relates to todays society and draws upon the human subconscious as a source. Imagine your best friend; now imagine your lifetime happiness with this person. You have had a wonderful time in life. You were born next to this person and your parents have remained friends. You could not picture your life without your best friend at your side. After going through elementary school, junior high school, and high school you both are now in college as roommates. One day you are watching TV and your best friend tells you something you would have never expected? He is gay. How do you deal with this? Is your best friend going to continue to be your best friend, or will he now be your enemy?

gender roles Essay

gender roles Essay gender roles Essay Society places different values on being male and female, it’s these values that define us as individuals. Through a cross-cultural comparison I will be exploring the concept gender through a micro level within my family and then throughout the Maasai culture. The aspects of gender differ within concepts such as family life, roles and status, and power and authority. In the Maasai culture there a clearly prescribed social roles and status for the people. The Maasai people have many celebrated rituals that announce the change of the individual from one role to the other. (Donelly, etal, 2008) One of the most distinctive of this celebrations is the becoming of a Moran (warrior) it’s the transition from childhood to adulthood, within this ritual the initiate must under go circumcision and show his bravery by showing no pain during the process to prove he will be able to face the challenges he will be dealt with once becoming a Moran. Only men can become a Moran because it is seen as a mans role in society, and never a woman’s. The Moran’s obtain much honour by protecting their people against attack either groups or animals or any other type of harm to their people. It is the Moran’s role to take on any challenging tasks and their status is acknowledged and praise within the community by being given the best food. (Donelly, etal, 2008) Traditional Maasai family structure is based on polygamous marriage. There is a hierarchy within the family structure, the husband is head of the family and makes the decisions. The wife is responsible for running the household and has little to no say in the major decisions made. Because of the polygamous marriage lifestyle they live the Maasai men can marry as many women as they can afford to support. The Maasai women are also allowed to have different lovers. (Donelly, etal, 2008) Males are seen to have more power and authority over the women, the women understand that she does what her husband or another male tells her to do because if not she is seen as disrespecting him. The Maasai have to under go different rituals before being able to be married. For women this is the circumcision of the clitoris, it usually happens around

News and Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

News and Journalism - Essay Example News and Journalism Amidst a whirlpool of contemporary movements like citizen journalism and new grassroots online media initiatives and with the mediascape changing at an incomprehensibly rapid pace, it's no wonder that so many publications are left wondering what the future looks like. Understanding the impact of these shifts and changes, and how an organization can take advantage of them to deliver a certain message and reach out to the audience, will be an important journey. It is not new to say that there is an ethnic bias in the mainstream media in almost all parts of the world and this fact has been proven beyond doubt by innumerable studies. Compounded by protracted ethno-political conflict, exacerbated by ineffective media reforms and coupled with the imperatives of market economics, the mainstream media in continues to perceive ethnicity as immutable and innate thereby neglecting its responsibility to demystify stereotypes and buttress institutions and practices that can ameliorate ethno-political conflict. It is natural for a media to keep its language readership in mind but impartiality and accuracy suffer as a result of this inherent bias. In an ethnically polarized society, ethnic bias in mainstream news media can take multiple forms and these are also reflected in the ownership of media houses. The problem facing journalists all over is how to protect their 'independence' when the world around them asks them to follow strategies and ethics which bind them to a certain ideology and path when no path or method is value neutral. And yet, the imperatives of journalism - accuracy, fairness, impartiality and reliability (Ross,2002) - bolstered by the freedom of expression, speech and information and open government provide the backbone of democratic pluralism. However, the multiplicity of voices in the media should not become a cacophony of half-truths, and must avoid the ills of rabid ethnocentrism and tabloid sensationalism. this could be done by promoting ethnic and gender balance in the newsrooms, regular updating and internal review of editing and style handbooks, in-house workshops and training on conflict sensitive journalism and greater co-operation between personnel and grass-roots level correspondents. Media reform has to have a holistic approach. Inextricably entwined with the impetus for media reform should also be the enabling framework of legislation regarding the right to information, the right to speech and the freedom of expression. A piecemeal approach to media reform, neglecting the wider canvas within which such reform takes place, is short-sighted and will not lead to any noticeable change. There are numerous external factors which influence the nature of the media. The rapid development of telecommunications and media technologies has transformed the very nature of the media by becoming an integral part of all events taking place in space and time. Live coverage in itself is recognized as a new event. Examples of this are the landing of US marines in Somalia and Haiti and the assault on the Beli dom and the Ostankino television station in Moscow. National and state politics have a powerful and crucial influence on the media in non-democratic regimes and unconsolidated democracies. In democratic societies

Ideologies as a Form of Oppression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ideologies as a Form of Oppression - Essay Example I am of the opinion that Berger’s statement is one of Marxist elements. Advancing the idea of classes, and in a subtle way, brushing on class struggle and conflict caused by class segregation in society. Berger is presenting the labour world as one that has borrowed heavily from the feudal system that existed in medieval Europe. However, the emphasis on labour has fallen short of its purpose because of its focal point of comparison. This is because research on the symbolic meaning of this painting, reveals that it has many religious concepts. Most scholars are of the view that the painting’s symbolism illustrates the conflict between secular and religious authorities. There is little mention of the conflict between the rich and the poor. Berger’s statement is, therefore, subject to personal testimonies. Though he is a scholar of the art world himself, symbolism will always remain a personal reflection of ideas unless there is a presentation of undisputed evidence . One instance of evidence giving would involve giving another painting as a comparison to The Ambassadors. There are paintings that represent states of poverty in Europe like Spain 'Street-Boy of Seville' by Bartolome Esteban Murillo (1618-1682) or France 'Charity' by Adolph William Bouguereau (1825-1905). From the ideas expressed in the first paragraph of this paper, there appears to be a clear and direct link between events in history and those in present times. One can conclusively state that there is no present without a past. The occurrences of the present times are largely dependent on what happened in the past.

Critically evaluate the behaviours and traits for effective lead Essay

Critically evaluate the behaviours and traits for effective lead - Essay Example This process can be effective through appropriate management of change to adapt to all the environments of the business. Change management refers to an organized and planned approach that helps to address the various variations that occur in the business environments. This also involves the appropriate response mechanisms for responding to changes that may occur among the workplace because of the changes that the business adopts. Change management involves an outline of a process to follow in order to experience an overall transformation in the whole business together with its employees. This guideline represents different steps that an individual has to adhere to so that the organization and its employees are coordinated towards the process of fulfilling its objectives. Create a Sense of Urgency An organization can only change if it can acknowledge the change. The leaders of the organization and its employees must recognize the need for change. The leaders of the organization partic ularly the managers should strive to inform employees about the need for change in the organization. This is done by developing a sense of urgency in the organization and its employees about the outlined procedures to revolutionize the organization. The management should be able to convince the employees through instilling positive thinking amongst the employees. This can be done by explaining the future circumstances to employees and potential future threats that may necessitate a change. This is to prevent the company from falling into such pitfalls. The company can also examine opportunities that can be possible in the future, if the company adopts different mechanisms of approaching its business environment. The company can give forth-convincing explanations about the change it needs. This is a strong motivator to speech and thinking among employees in order to arrive at the necessary change. This will also attract support from other areas of interest such as customers and other industries that may have interests in the company. This further boosts confidence for the company’s proposal since all parties are able to accept the change (Green, 2007, 167). Form a Powerful Coalition The organization should focus on leading the change to realize change. The company organization needs to bring a group of experienced individuals that are able to further the objectives of the organization towards change. Individuals from different levels of the company’s hierarchy, who draw their power from different sources, should be pooled together because they can offer the necessary advice on how change can be realized. This coalition will offer a priceless effort towards furthering the company’s urgency by build the required momentum towards change (Cameron & Green, 2009, 121). Create a Vision for Change The organization should be able to consolidate its ideas of change and bring it to the individual’s level of understanding. The vision for change should summarize the core values that the organization aims to achieve and should be effectively comprehended by the coalition formed to push for it (Vukotich, 2011, 41). Communicate the Vision The organization should ensure that its vision is thoroughly communicated and embedded in the organization. This is done through frequent expression of this vision in the decisions that the company makes,

History of Atomic Theory

History of Atomic Theory The atomic theory is developed since 2000 years ago the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that there was a limit to how small one could be divide matter, this smallest matter indivisible particle was called atom. However this atomic theory of Democritus was criticized by Aristotle who proposed a model based on four basic elements of earth, air, fire and water. Aristotles view held for the next 2000 years as it better suited religious beliefs of the time. In 1801, an English teacher named John Dalton proposed his atomic theory which stated matter is composed of all small indivisible atoms, elements contain one type of atom; different elements contain different atoms, compounds contain more than one type of atom. In 1904, British physicist J.J Thomson and others demonstrated that cathode rays (electrons) were present in all matter. Thomson proposed that the atom was a sphere of positive charge in which embedded were rings of negative charges (electrons) , like plums in a pudding. Lather on, in 19 century, the discoveries of radiation leads to a new progress of Physics. We knew that certain elements emitting radiation, this suggested that atoms are no longer indivisible and not indestructible, as proposed in Daltons atomic model. Radiation provides an important tool for the study of matter. In 1911, Rutherford first suggested the use of alpha particles to probe the internal structure of the atom. Finally, the nucleus and its protons were discovered. Rutherfords scattering experiment Ernest Rutherford, directed an experiment to Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden in 1909, in which the newly discovered alpha particles (Helium nuclei) were fired at a thin gold foil layer which only a few atom thick. At that time the atom was thought to be analogous plum pudding by Thomson with a negative charge (the plum) throughout the positive sphere (the pudding). Most of the alpha particle passed through with no or only very small deflections in a vacuum (see figure), as would been excepted on the Thomson model of the atom current at the time. About 1 in 8000 was deflected through angles greater than 90 degree. The result was so unexpected that Rutherford was very unexpected that Rutherford was promoted to write†¦.it was almost incredible as if you fired a 15 inch shell at a piece of tissue and it came back and hit you. Therefore Rutherford concluded that majority of the mass of the atom was concentrated in the nucleus. The small size of the nucleus explained the small number of the alpha particles that were repelled each other in this way. Rutherford showed that the size of the nucleus was less than about 10 -14m. Bohrs model, how it fit experimental observation Accelerated electrons emitted and lose energy which predicted by Predicted by Maxwell and confirmed by Hertz, however the electron doesnt spin into the nucleus because of energy losing. Later on, In 1903.H.G.J Morseley found simple, regular relationship between the frequencies of X-ray emission line, thus it provided an evidence to support Bohrs model. Scientist began to work on an alternating model to replace it. Bohrs postulates In 1913 the Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885~1992), put forward some radical propositions to account for the discrepancies between Rutherfords model of the atom and the available experimental evidence. Bohrs postulates are 1. Electron can remove in certain allowed orbitsstationary states (energy) without radiating energy. 2.when an electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level, it emits energy that is quantised by the plank relationship E2 E 1= hf. 3. Augular momentum (mvr) is quantised and can only take values of the nh / 2Ï€ when n is the principal quantum number. The first postulate account for the stability of the atom. However why the these stationary state excited was unknown. They exist was a fact. The second postulate explains the line emission spectra. Emission (or absorption) of Energy is discontinuous and corresponds to a transition between two stationary states. Since the energy can be quantized, the emission, the frequency of the emitted (or absorbed) radiation is predetermined. A transition between different states will lead to difference frequencies or colours. The third postulate effectively sets limits on the radius of the allowed orbits. Bohrs model Bohr realised that if his model was correct, each atom would have a spectral fingerprint to the differences between electron energy level in that atom. The Rydberg equation which also known as Balmer equation, has given him evidence for the quantised emission of the energy from hydrogen atom, leading him to going on to further his model and define his postulate. So the hydrogen spectrum was very significant to the development of Bohrs model of the atom, because without the understanding of it, Bohr may not continue his work of the model. Produced and observable when hydrogen gas was excited by the addition of energy. The equation in the original form was modified by Rhydberg until it worked and could be applied to explain the spectrum of hydrogen by using integer values of n, only as suggested by Bohr in his postulates. Quantum number and quantum changes Its possible to determine the energy of each orbit using Bohrs model and from this construct an energy level Figure for hydrogen. The figure below shows the energy these energy levels. Alternatively a transition between stationary states can be show in figure. B. The Balmer series of lines occurs when the electrons fall to the n=2 level from n=2 level n=3,4,5 and 6 levels. This is illustrated differently in figure. B. How Bohr describes the hydrogen spectra Bohrs model of the atom wad quite similar to that of Rutherfords with two important differences firstly, it assisted positions to the electrons, but secondly the electron energy level s were quantised. This was radically new, the idea that electrons had energy states and could absorb and emit energy to change states, and had no evidence. Bohr realised that if his model was correct, each atom would have a spectral fingerprint to the differences between electron energy level in that atom. The Rydberg equation provided him evidence for the quantised emission of the energy from hydrogen atom. It leads him to going on to further his model and defines his postulate. So the hydrogen spectrum was important to the development of Bohrs model of the atom. The energy levels describe by Bohr is clearly marked. According to Bohr, the Balmer series (shown on the bottom of the diagram as the hydrogen spectrum) was cause by changing energy levels, in the process releasing light. As shown, larger energy changes produce more energetic photons, as seen in Balmers series, as further, this diagram shows how the Balmer series is formed by successive electron transition to the 2ndshell (transition to other shell produce additional lines named after their discoveries.) This is a great achievement that the Bohr s model is able to provide a physical basis for the Balmer series formula. From his second postulate E f Ei= hf. (i) states for initial energy level (f)states for final energy level Ei=1/ni2E1and Ef=1/nf2E1 hence: hf =1/ nf2E1-1/ ni2E1=(1/ nf2-1/ ni2) E1 And since c=fA=>A=c/f the expression reduces to 1/A=E1/hcX(1/ nf2-1/ ni2) where R states for Rydbergs constant, RH(hydrogen)1.097X 107m-1. By using the mixture of classical physics and quantum physics, Bohr was able to define the equation for the spectral lines of hydrogen. He didnt know why the electrons obeyed his rules. These were purely empirical results. Problems with the model For all the success, the Bohr model of the atom had serious limitations: It and ad hoc mixture of classical and quantum physics; it allows some laws of the classical physics held and others did not. Hydrogen has only one electron, and Bohrs postulate are only able to explain it. It cant work fo r multi-electron atoms. It could not explain the relative intensities of the spectral line; some lines were more intense to the others and it was not known why this should occur. Certain spectral line were foun of a number of very fine and close lines and the cause of these hyperfine spectral lines could not be explained. The splitting of spectral lines when the sample was placed in a magnetic field (called the Zeeman effect, and discussed below) could also not be explained. The postulates faced a problem that it is suited for larger atom. Hydrogen is the simplest atom containing only one electron. Similarity He+and Li+have one electron. Bohrs model works with theses atom and ions. In all the other atoms however the electron interact with each other. In a larger atoms the outer electrons are shielded from the nucleus by the inner electrons. Interaction between electrons also result in different energy levels. The affect Bohrs model to the extent that the spectra of multiple electrons could not be explain. When the spectrum of the hydrogen was examined it was noted that the emission line varied in intensity. Some were quite intense and others were less intense; some were sharp and some were boarder. The following figure. illustrate these differences. Bohrs model could not explain these features but later it was explained that electron orbited in a ellipse and not in a circles. As the developing of the light spectroscopes improved it was found that some of the spectral lines were made up with hyperfine lines. This suggestion spitted Bohrs energy level theory; however there was no explanation for this. The Zeeman Effect Zeeman Effect occurred when a magnetic field us pass through a discharge tube. The magnetic field increased the hyperfine splitting of spectral lines, further breaking them up. As the limitation, Bohrs model was unable to explain the experimental evidence. In 1896 a Dutch physics Pieter Zeeman (1865-1943) found that when he placed a source of sodium light between the poles of a strong magnet the lines split into three or more. This could not explain by Bohrs model, The spectral line of some elements can even split to 15 lines. This is called the anomalous Zeeman effect. It cant be explain by that time, and it leads to the new developing of the model to explain it. This begin with the work of de Broglie. The following is the formal definition of Zeeman Effect: The splitting of single spectral lines of an emission or absorption spectrum of a substance into three or more components when the substance is placed in a magnetic field. The effect occurs when several electron orbits in the same shell, which normally have the same energy level, have different energies due to their different orientations in the magnetic field. A normal Zeeman Effectis observed when a spectral line of an atom splits into three lines under a magnetic field. Astronomers can use the Zeeman Effect to measure magnetic fields of stars. The following diagrams shows the normal spectral line and the Zeeman effect. References Textbooks 1. Excell HSC physics by Neville Warren published in 2007 2. Jacaranda Physics Second Edition published in 2004 3. Bohr and quantum theory by Paul Strathern in1998 4. Physics Spectrum by Peter H.Eastwell published by McGrathHill in 2000. Websites Ruthorford scattering experiment http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_scattering last updated 19 July 2008 http://library.thinkquest.org/19662/high/eng/exp-rutherford.html Atomic structure discovered http://www.neoam.cc.ok.us/~rjones/Pages/online1014/chemistry/chapter_8/pages/atomic_structure_discover.html Figures Figure1.Demorcuris http://www.dl.ac.uk/TCS/Software/DL_POLY/ATTIC/DEMOCRITUS/Pictures/democritus.jpg Figure2. Aristotle http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/Images/aristotle.jpg Figure3. John Dalton http://www.learner.org/channel/courses/essential/physicalsci/images/s4.dalton.jpg Figure4. J.J Thomsonhttp://www.wired.com/images/article/full/2008/04/jj_thompson_400px.jpg Figure5.Henri Becquerelhttp://www.mlahanas.de/Physics/Bios/images/HenriBecquerel.jpg Figure6. Ernest Rutherfordhttp://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/0/n/T/rutherford1.jpg Figure7. Niels Bohrhttp://www.springtimepublishers.com/images/Niels_Bohr.jpg

Classroom Motivational Strategies Essay examples -- Education

I would like to discuss some of the motivational strategies that I will be using in my classroom. The motivational strategy that I will discuss is student self-efficacy. According to (Schunk, 1991) Self- Efficacy Theory refers to an individual ‘s judgment of his or her capabilities to perform given actions. Students are more likely to be motivated to attempt tasks in which they believe they will be successful, it is essential for us as teachers to provide tasks at the correct level of difficulty and help students to develop appropriate expectation for success. Experiences of failure may lead students to have a low perception of self-efficacy, and they in turn , are likely to reduce their effort on academic tasks and lose their motivation. However, if students already possess a high level perception of self efficacy their sense of self-efficacy won’t be affected easily by failure. (Richardson, 2010). According to Bandura perceived efficacy determines how much effort people are willing to put into an activity as well as how long they will persevere in the face of obstacles. It is known that high self-efficacy and improved performance results when students: 1. are taught to use specific learning strategies which increase attention to the task, 2. adopt short –term over long-term goals and 3. Receive performance contingent rewards as opposed to reinforcement for just engaging in a task. All these instructional manipulations are assumed to increase the belief that â€Å"I can do it, â€Å" which then increases both effort and achievement.(Richardson, 2010) Student’s self-efficacy or beliefs about whether they will be successful on a given task are a powerful predictor of their choice, effort, and persistence... ...ls displayed higher motivation (rate of problem solving)during instruction than did children who did not observe a model. Schunk and Hanson (1985) expected that their low- achieving subjects would identify more closely with the peer coping models. (H.Schunk, 1991) This activity had a positive effect on my students. They were able to successfully improve their reading fluency by engaging in this activity. The students were able to realize that with practice, positive reinforcement and support (enactive mastery) that they can improve their reading. The students were also able to discover that by watching their peer model correct reading that they can also do the same thing. (vicarious experiences) The student self –efficacy, self- worth, and self- esteem was enhanced by being able to go to the various class and present their Reader’s Theater.

Online Reservation and Ordering System

Section I INTRODUCTION Clothes are the things that have the attributes of color, size, pattern and cut. They are usually comfortable to wear. Clothes are usually being shopped in malls, boutiques and tiangge. An online shopping is an electronic shopping of products that are available online through internet. Clothing is one of the basic needs for humans of all ages. They bring with them the feeling of comfort. This is also a way for you to express your personality and emotions. Thus clothing is important to human existence. Since it is the time of new millennium malls have faced the increasing needs to adapt and sustain the needs of man. By means of the internet, shoppers can now browse the available items on the web. Online shopping has been dominant in every corner of life. This could help the customers buy the product they want, when they want in the convenience of their own time. For some, shopping can be associated with their identity. Most of the middle to high class society shop online for their own convenience. One of the marketing strategies that Online Reservation and Ordering System should have is to make sure of the products availability. They also provide wider area for shoppers. Thus encouraging the customers to visit and patronize the store. The purpose of proposing this Online Reservation and Ordering System is to help Salad Dressing in gaining more income and publicity. Purpose of Project Plan This study aims to design and develop the Online Reservation and Ordering System for Salad Dressing Iloilo Branch. This would benefit the boutique since it will be one of the ways that the shop would gain profit. The proposed system will help Salad Dressing Iloilo Branch by providing: 1. Less time in purchasing an item and no need for a personal transaction. 2. Customers can now view all the available products since browsing the website would be in their own convenience. . The boutique would be more exposed to the majority of the public since the proposed system will be online. Project Scope and Objectives The project scope covers the online reservation and ordering of available items. Customers can reserve or order the products they want. They can also pay their bills online because of the accessible mode of payments which is by the use of credit cards. Customers can also browse the website and be updated on the latest products that are available in the boutique. The supervisor or the cashier will be the one who will update the product list on the website. The project team’s main objective is to develop an online reservation and ordering system for Salad Dressing. The system has a web administrator account which can access the content of the system and manage the updates of the product list on the web. Only the supervisor or the cashier can access the said account. This system was proposed to help Salad Dressing Iloilo Branch only. Other than the above mentioned are not part of . researcher study. Major Functions Online Reservation and Ordering System is a way for the customers to browse or access the items available in the boutique. This is made easy by the use of the internet. Our system would have the following functions: †¢ Browse Product Availability With the use of the system, customers can browse or search available products on the boutique. †¢ Products can be Reserved/Ordered Using this system, it would be hassle free for the customers to buy the product online since it will take less time and they can do it without personal transaction. †¢ Easy Mode of Payment The customers can pay their due amount through credit cards. †¢ Updates the Latest Trend Since this will be online the customer knows the latest products that were available. †¢ Printing of Reports Data retrieval would be more convenient and time saving. Performance Issues The store where the project team conducts the study has problems with the availability of a certain product that the customer needs for an occasion. Since the boutique is not that popular to the public because of their limited publicity. To prevent this incident, the project team proposed an Online Reservation and Ordering System. With the use of this system it would be more convenient for the customer to check on the products availability and reserve a product that he/she needs. This system will also help in their publicity as well.

Launching our Reedsy Project Protection

Launching our Reedsy Project Protection Launching our Reedsy Project Protection Establishing a safe place for authors and publishersOur goal with Reedsy since the very beginning has been to create a safe place for authors and publishers to work seamlessly with the best publishing talent. We envisioned a place where they could be certain that every single collaboration would be a success.Although our careful curation process has helped bring about this reality, we wanted to make it more official. That’s why we just released our Reedsy Project Protection  policy, contained within our Terms of Use.  Here is an excerpt:Service Provider Reedsy account should be suspended or terminated for breaching the Terms of Use.Furthermore, both clients (authors, publishers) and service providers (editors, designers, marketers, ghostwriters, etc.) are bound by the  Mandatory Terms  of their  Service Contracts on Reedsy. These relate to the client materials, IP rights, payments, warranties, cancellation periods, confidentiality and data protection. More about it i n section 5. of our Terms of Use.A unique value propositionOf course, we're not the only services company in the publishing industry to offer similar protection and guarantees on projects. A lot of places will claim they have "satisfaction" or "money-back guarantees". What is really powerful about ours, though, is that it applies to a marketplace  - a network of very different individuals. Whoever the author or publisher chooses to work with on Reedsy, we protect their project. You don’t just get safety, you get safety and choice. Why is choice important? If you’re an author, we believe that one of the most crucial steps in your career is finding the right editor. We encourage authors to contact more than one editor on our marketplace, because doing so increases your chances of finding someone with a communication style you understand, someone you really connect with.If you’re a publisher, you will have to work on different books, from different authors, and often across different genres. Because of this, you will likely need different professionals and skill-sets to meet the editorial needs across your list. Reedsy provides you with a wide range of accessible talent and â€Å"insures† your collaboration with every single one of them.Now that you know why we’re doing this, let’s explain why we can.It’s all about curationWe have had over 1,500 collaborations  on the Reedsy platform so far, and only in 1% of the cases have we  had to step in and mediate, or issue a refund as a third party.There is a very simple reason for that: we put in a lot of  work to vet every single professional who applies to our marketplace, and only accept around 2% of applicants. Moreover, once they’re â€Å"in†, we monitor their response rates and activity on the marketplace to make sure they keep up to our standards of responsiveness and professionalism.It’s actually very easy for us to tell you â€Å"you won’t be disappointed† and put our money where our mouth is, because we know our professionals. We’ve hand-picked them ourselves, we know they do a good job.Let us prove it to you. And as always, let us know in the comments if you have any questions.

MADD proposition against DRUNK DRIVING essays

MADD proposition against DRUNK DRIVING essays Drunk driving is a dangerous problem that blankets American society. The continuous and ongoing threat of being involved in an accident with a driver under the influence of alcohol has risen since the year 2001. Despite the ongoing efforts of organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), alcohol related deaths have increased 5.2% over the course of last year. MADD has concluded that this condition is unacceptable, and intends to turn this condition into a social problem. Therefore, as of November 21, 2002, MADD has decided to propose a new campaign as part of their incessant effort to abolish drunk driving, Get MADD all Over again, in order to raise awareness and enhance the efforts to control this problem. MADD was founded in 1980 in order to support the victims of drunk driving incidents. Their mission is to stop drunk driving and prevent underage drinking. As of today, MADD has more than 600 affiliates and two million members and supporters. The social condition that has been established and confronted is the fact that underage drinking and the percent of accidents involving drivers under the influence has gone up. MADD is determined to turn this condition into a social problem. According to MADD, they urged the nation to adopt its eight-point plan to jump-start the war on drunk driving. Of the general driving age public, 98 percent see drinking and driving as a threat to their personal safety, and 86 percent feel it is very important to do something to reduce the problem, (Gallup Organization, 2000). The plan urges citizens and leaders to Get MADD All Over Again and calls for widespread use of sobriety checkpoints and other highly visible enforcement efforts, tougher laws for the more serious DUI offenders, court monitoring programs, higher beer excise taxes, enacting stronger seat belt laws, reducing underage drinking, and establishing a National Traffic Safety fund...

Counsel's Advise on Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Counsel's Advise on Evidence - Essay Example Admissibility is quality or character which any material presented in a court of law as evidence must possess before the same can be allowed to be to be introduced in court as evidence. The images and photographs in this case must possess the required qualities so that they can act as evidence in a court of law. In this computer era, the nature of photography is necessary to determine the applicable rules of evidence. The nature of photography may be either digital or analogue. But before going deeper into this it is important to know that there are two main requirements for acceptance of any form of photography as evidence. These are relevance and authentication. The rule of relevance is a general rule for admissibility in evidence and what amounts to relevance is determined at the discretion of each judge (Hugh, 2003, p. 67). A chain of custody which includes the chain of the undeveloped film will in some rare cases be required. In some other cases, where the photograph is offered for its truth and forms the basis of issue in the case, then the best evidence rule applies. However, the most important of all these requirements is authentication. The party who introduces any form of photography must be ready to testify that the photography is correct and accurate unless the piece of photography is accepted by stipulation of the parties. The concern of the solicitors in this case is on the surveillance and monitoring where the digital images can be processed with ease. Admissibility on the account of authenticity is an issue that needs to be addressed in this case. Digital images are stored in binary format in the memory of a computer.

Group Membership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group Membership - Essay Example It is a standard for Filipinos to have the typical Asian character of being family oriented and tightly knit among clans. Filipinos are also known to be extremely friendly and hospitable to everyone. It is because of this trait that other people are very trusting of Filipinos. Filipinos would generally go out of their way to make others feel welcome and comfortable even at the expense of their own comfort zones.Another group I feel associated with, although not entirely feel obliged to be part of, are those interested or is part of the military field. People from the military follow a strict discipline to the point that it is almost stereotyped. This is not always the case, however, that every soldier maintains such steady conduct. There are cases when soldiers or military enthusiasts are just merely power tripping bullies with authority or ego issues. The soldiers who keep true to their code of conduct, self-control, and patience are men who possess distinct traits that are above me re bravado. Between the norms of these two different groups that I belong to, I follow the norms of the military group more than my ethnic group norms. The reason is that it holds more personal use for me with regard to having a strong self-conduct. The military group norm helps cover for my personal weaknesses in character. Being very hospitable and trusting of others is not inherently a terrible trait, but it is easy to be taken advantage of and be played the fool in the end.

Motivation of Travelers on Repeat Visits to Thailand Essay

Motivation of Travelers on Repeat Visits to Thailand - Essay Example There are various reasons for what exactly tempts the travelers to come back to Thailand over and over again and this paper will discuss exactly that. Thailand is an extremely popular country for its culture, nature, cuisine, hospitality and world class accommodation and that too at a very reasonable price. But this is the present scenario, the country boasts of a rich history too. The country boasts of the two most amazing heritage sites by the name Sukhothai and Ayutthaya, the same attracts millions of visitors every year. The temples in the country also form a major attraction, so moany people come from various places to catch a glimse of various temples in Thailand. The tourists also get the luxury of riding Elephants while they see various temples in the country, this simplifies their work and it is a very big luxury which is being provided by the people of the country. There are many Wildlife Sanctuaries in the country, these Sanctuaries also attract a lot of people and three Wildlife Sanctuaries have been identified by UNESCO and the same were also declared the world heritage sites, those three Wildlife Sanctuaries are Thun g Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, Huai Kha Kaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, and Khao Yai National Park. These centuries attract many visitors from all across the globe. People who love travelling always visit Thailand over and over again for more reasons than one. ... ers are the beaches in the country and people enjoy various activities on these beaches such as canoeing, snorkelling, scuba diving, yachting, hiking, and golfing. The resorts in Thailand have some of the most amazing beaches in the world and the same is a very big temptation for all the travellers. Purpose of the study The main purpose of this study is to find out what makes the travelers visit the country again and again. The facilities and the comforts provided to the travelers is amazing, Thailand offers some of the most unbelievable comforts and luxuries to the travelers. The country has many five star hotels besides that the country also provides the travelers with various options for accommodation like bungalows located right in front of the beach at affordable prices, this is one of the biggest reasons, why Thailand attracts so many travelers. It is real fun to stay in the country and the best thing is that it all comes at reasonable prices, what else a person can ask for. Thailand is also very popular and widely visited because it is also the right place to do shopping, the stores in the country offered up to 80% discounts during the Amazing Thailand Grand Sales promotion. To make sure that the country sustains the inflow of travellers it is very important to understand the motive of the travellers, they should not only come once to the country but also over and over again and for this to happen the concerned people of the country have to understand the motive of the travellers. When the concerned people design promotional material to attract the travellers it is extremely important to keep in mind their motive of travelling, if that is ignored then no traveller will come again to that particular country. Motivation is very closely connected to the

Clarion Boys Case Essay Example for Free

Clarion Boys Case Essay One problem in the Clarion School for Boys case is that employees did not have enough training on the system. On the survey taken, most employees responded that they were dissatisfied with the training they had received and most had training of only 1-3 hours. Since there was little training given on the system, the users were uncomfortable using it. It seemed that if they could not figure something out, they would give up and go back to doing it the old way. The bookkeeper commented, â€Å"I have been trying to finish this month’s books for the last two days, but I am having the same problems as last month. The accounts receivable software program is still giving me difficulties. I think I’ll just do them by hand this month.† When the system was first installed, the staff was excited about it but as time passed and there was no learning progression of the system, people became bored with it and stopped using it as much. Another comment made by the education supervisor was, â€Å"There was a lot of initial excitement about e-mail, but I haven’t heard much about it since then. I know I’ve been too busy to lean it myself, and I missed the training sessions because of other meetings.† I personally worked with a company where a new system was implemented and because of the lack of training and tutorials, there were major problems. For months the system was incorrect, causing many hours of overtime as well as many mess ups that had to be corrected. Familiar to this case, there was not a plan of action nor any goals set or a timeline for certain projects to be mastered. There was a lack of training causing the staff to have little confidence in their abilities to work the system. This problem falls under strategic planning. One component of strategic planning is training. Under strategic planning, the employees should be encouraged to be active in the system. They should be encouraged through training programs and help sessions. The team should establish goals and time lines of what they want to have accomplished by a specific date. In this case, there was not a formal plan or measures set. They were not able to judge how they were doing because they did not make a strategic plan to begin. I think this is a minor problem. I think the major problem is that once the system was implemented, there was no enforcement created. It seemed that the users did not want to get out of their comfort zone and learn something new. There was not much communication at the beginning and everyone seemed to be doing their own thing.

Role of Genetics in Myopia

Role of Genetics in Myopia Myopia, also known as short-sightedness, is a refractive error defined as an optical condition where parallel light rays entering the eye are focussed before the retina, resulting in a blurred image. Optical correction of this refractive error can be done with spectacles, contact lenses and surgical procedures such as photorefractive keratectomy. People with myopia are usually classified into two groups, low to moderate myopia (0.00D to -6.00D) or high/pathological myopia (greater than -6.00D). High myopia is also known as pathological myopia because it is often associated with sight threatening ocular conditions such as retinal detachment, macular degeneration, and glaucoma (Fredrick, 2002). Also systemic findings of many genetic syndromes such as Marfan and Stickler syndromes have myopia as consistent feature (Terri et al., 2004). Throughout the world myopia is a common cause for visual disability particularly in underdeveloped countries where the health care is poor or even non-existent. Myopia currently affects over 1.5 billion worldwide and this  is expected to increase to approximately 2.5 billion by the year 2020 (Dirani et al., 2006a). Prevalence varies between countries and ethnicities, reaching as high as 9 out of 10 people affected in some Asian populations such as Singapore and China (Chow et al., 1990; Wong et al., 2000). Epidemiological studies show that the prevalence of myopia is increasing and this is becoming a significant public health problem (Fredrick, 2002; Paluru et al., 2003; Saw et al., 1996). As well as needing resources for optical correction of myopia, the associated increased risk of vision loss has further economic and social implications for the population. Therefore extensive research is being carried out to understand the mechanisms and factors underlying myopia development in aim to reduce the incidence of myopia. An emmetropic eye is one that has zero or negligible refractive error. Most babies are born hypermetropic (long-sighted) and emmetropisation is the process by which the eye goes through changes to reach emmetropia, this occurs within the first 5-8 years of life (Fredrick, 2002). The simple reason for the increasing prevalence of myopia may be due to changes in environment, especially modernisation of the underdeveloped world which is partly due to improved education infrastructure and the technological/internet revolution. This means people are now using their eyes for near tasks such as computing much more than before. Therefore this near visual experience may have some influence in the emmetropisation process, resulting in the eyes becoming myopic instead of emmetropic. However there are many studies, such as twin and family history studies that have also found a strong positive correlation between genetics and myopia (Hammond et al., 2001). Other studies have mapped particular gen es that influence the onset of myopia or predispose an individual to becoming myopic. It seems there is some interaction between environment and genetics and how they influence the onset and progression of myopia but the relative contribution of each is not fully understood (Saw et al., 1996). Identifying potential myopia disease genes will help us understand the pathophysiological mechanisms behind myopia development. The potential for this in the future would be the ability to identify individuals at risk from myopia and help develop preventative therapies (Tang et al., 2008). This dissertation will aim to explore the role of genetics in myopia and review the current genes that have been identified to be associated with myopia. There are multiple ways to help identify genes associated with myopia, and researchers often employ a combination of techniques to further validate their findings. Genes are identified using genetic markers and genetic mapping techniques, these are explained further below. Genetic markers A genetic marker is a gene or DNA sequence with a known location on a chromosome. It is usually described as a variation, which may be due to mutation or alteration in the genomic loci. This variation is what helps researchers identify genes associated with a particular trait like myopia. Genetic markers can be short DNA sequences, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), or long sequences such as microsatellites. SNPs are polymorphic markers that are variations in the DNA sequence occurring when a single nucleotide in the genome differs between two members of the same species (Warthmann et al., 2007). For example people with myopia will have a common SNP compared to those without. Microsatellites are short sections of DNA made up of repeating units containing 10-60 base pairs. Although microsatellites may have different or unknown repeating units, the repeating unit within the microsatellite is relatively constant (Dorland, 2007). The number of repeating units varies between individuals in a species i.e. they vary in length and these differences in DNA can be detected via capillary gel electrophoresis (Tang et al., 2008). Microsatellites have a high level of polymorphism that makes them another useful tool to help identify genetic markers. Genetic maps are made up of many microsatellites with known positions; this allows genes to be located relative to the microsatellites. Genetic mapping The aim of genetic mapping is to assign DNA fragments to chromosomes, which eventually accumulates to a complete genetic map for a condition. There are two methods for genetic mapping; linkage analysis and association study (Tang et al., 2008). Each method has its own advantages that help overcome different situations. Linkage analysis Linkage analysis is based on the link between loci (locations of genes). If two loci are inherited together on the same chromosome then they are said to be linked. Meiosis results in genes being recombined from parent chromosomes into a new combination in the offspring and this crossing over of DNA can cause alleles previously on the same chromosome to be separated. Therefore if two loci are closer together, the possibility of them being inherited together is greater i.e. there is a reduced chance of alleles being separated and therefore the offspring is more likely to inherit parental traits. Linkage studies aim to uncover genetic markers that are linked to disease genes with the potential to identify other genes as possible disease gene candidates (Terri et al., 2004). Association studies (FIND BOOK REF) An association study is another route to help identify susceptibility genes when studying a multifactorial disease like myopia. Association studies are different from linkage studies in that a common allele is associated with the disease where as linkage study allows different alleles to be associated with the disease in different families (Cordell et al., 2005). There are two separate approaches that an association study can take, it can either be population-based or family based. The main aim is to compare DNA samples from affected individuals against non-affected individuals similar to case-control studies. If the findings show a common allele in the affected individuals that is not found in the controls then it can be assumed that this allele is positively associated with a specific disease (Zhang et al., 2010). Population-based association studies take a sample of people from the population and compares genetic markers between affected individuals (cases) and unaffected individuals (controls). The two groups must be unrelated (no blood relation) although the human population does share common ancestry and so it can be argued that the wider population is just an extended family (Tang et al., 2008; Cordell et al., 2005). Small genetic differences can be detected for complex traits using population-based studies and this can produce powerful results but there may be a confounding effect due to population stratification. Therefore a careful selection of cases and controls is required for a good quality association study. Family-based association studies involve nuclear families consisting of affected offspring and their parents. It is presumed that the non-transmitted alleles from the parents act as internal controls and the transmitted alleles act as the cases. This means family-based studies eliminate any mismatching between cases and controls, therefore avoiding any chance association due to population stratification (Tang et al., 2008). GENETIC INFLUENCE ON MYOPIA Many studies have been conducted to help identify the exact role of genetics in myopia onset and progression. As myopia seems to be multifactorial, twin and family studies are performed to help differentiate between the genetic influence and other factors such as an environmental influence. Twin studies There are two types of twin pairs; monozygotic and dizygotic. Identical twins are known as monozygotic i.e. they originated from the same fertilised ovum, where as dyzgotic twins originate from two separately fertilised eggs therefore their DNA is not identical. In 2001 a classic twin study was performed by Hammond et al. using 226 monozygotic and 280 dizygotic twin pairs from the UK, all female and aged between 49 and 19 years old. The study looked at heritability values of refractive error and found a much higher correlation in monozygotic twins compared to dizygotic twins; this can be seen in fig 1. This suggests there is a strong genetic influence when inheriting refractive error since monozygotic twins have identical DNA and dyzogitc twins only share up to half their DNA. However heritability is population specific, and if this study was repeated for another population sample with a different gene pool or environment then similar results may not be seen (Hammond et al., 2001). A more recent study carried out by Dirani et al. in 2006 was composed of 345 monozygotic and 267 dizygotic twin pairs aged between 18 and 88 years old. Twins were recruited from Australia both male and female. Again the study found similar results to above; a significantly higher correlation was found in the monozygotic than the dzygotic twin pairs. The study found that the high heritability can explained by additive and dominant genetic effects which suggests there are multiple genes involved in the aetiology of myopia (Dirani et al., 2006b). Many other twin studies have also reported on the importance of genetic factors in myopia (Teikari et al., 1980; Hu, D., 1981; Miller, E. M., 1995; Dirani et al., 2008). This leads one to conclude that genetics plays an important role in myopia development. However twin studies do rely on a common assumption that all twins share a similar environment (Dirani et al., 2006a). This way the studies performed can assume all results are are relative with no significant environmental discrepency i.e. there is no confounding effect as long as the assumption holds true. Although twin studies show good evidence of genetics influencing myopia, some argue they do not apply to the singleton population as twin studies rely on contestable assumptions (Hammond et al., 2001; Morgan et al., 2005). An alternative approach to studying the genetic influence is to conduct a familial study. Familial studies Familial studies concentrate on the heritability value of a condition being passed on from parents to their offspring. If there is a family history of particular condition then there is a greater probability that the children will inherit the same condition. For myopia, there is a higher risk of the children developing the condition if one or both parents have myopia compared to children without myopic parents (Zadnik et al., 1994). A study surveying 2888 children in China and Hong Kong found the prevalence of myopia to be 7.3% if neither parent was myopic, 26.2% if one parent was myopic and 45% if both parents were myopic, reinforcing the view of a strong genetic influence in myopia (Yap et al., 1993). Although this seems like a genetic predisposition to myopia, there is a possible confounding effect since family members not only share common genes but also share a similar environment (Morgan et al., 2005; Sperduto et al., 1996). Therefore when comparing families careful selection should be made to ensure a large difference in environmental circumstances does not exist between the families. If there is a difference in the environment then this should be factored into the results. Familial studies suggest that a gene-environment interaction exists but this conclusion must be used with an open-mind since parental myopia history can denote a genetic marker, a common lifestyle, or both (Saw at al., 2001; Young et al., 2007). Mendelian inheritance The classic Mendelian inheritance model has laws that state the inheritance of traits is linked to single genes on chromosomes in the nucleus. There are four modes of Mendelian inheritance; autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant and X-linked recessive (Book ReF). There are genetic differences between forms of high myopia and low myopia (Olmedo et al., 1992; Pintado et al., 1992). Some studies have found a Mendelian inheritance pattern for myopia, particularly for dominantly inherited simple high myopia (Guggenheim et al., 2000). Young et al. found an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance identifying two loci for high myopia (Young et al., 1998a; Young et al., 1998b). A recent family-based study consisting of 162 Chinese nuclear families found an association and linkage between the myocilin gene (MYOC) polymorphisms and high myopia (Tang et al., 2007). Many other genetic linkage studies dealing with familial high myopia have also identified myopia loci with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance (Naiglin et al., 2002; Paluru et al., 2003; Paluru et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2005; Nallasamy et al., 2007). However, similar studies have also found that myopia is likely to be influenced by multiple genes (Hammond et al., 2004; Wojciechowski et al., 2006) and other factors like environment (Morgan et al., 2005). This concept of a multifactorial disorder suggests that myopia does not conform to a single-gene Mendelian inheritance model (Ashton, 1985; Klein et al., 2005; Young et al., 2007). Therefore Mendelian inheritance patterns may only apply to simple high myopia i.e. low myopia and some forms of high myopia are comlex traits that do not conform to a Mendelian inheritance model. Complex trait myopia Myopia can be expressed as part of a syndrome, rarely as a monogenic form (typically high myopia) or most commonly as a complex disorder (Tang et al., 2008). A complex trait results from the interaction of multiple factors, each of which has a relatively small effect. Family studies show that myopia is more prevalent with a positive family history but it is not a single-gene defect and there may be an environmental influence. This multi-factorial inheritance suggests that the disorder is only expressed if a critical number of genes are inherited independently, and accompanied with an environmental influence i.e. near-work (Saw et al., 1996; Young et al., 2007). Many low myopia loci have also been mapped using linkage analysis (Hammond et al., 2004; Wojciechowski et al., 2006; Klein et al., 2007). However, the genes influencing myopia onset and progression are still not fully understood and research has continued to help identify potential candidate genes that may have a critical role in myopia development. Susceptibility genes Many genes are involved in eye development processes such as emmetropisation, and some of these have been suggested as candidate genes that make an individual more susceptible to develop myopia. PAX6 The PAX6 gene is part of the Pax family that are transcriptional regulators and have an important role in the developing eye. Mutations in the PAX6 gene have been implicated for the development of serious ocular conditions such as aniridia and congenital cataracts (Glaser et al., 1994; Hever et al., 2006). Varying the dosage of PAX6 gene in transgenic mice has been proved to influence eye size (Schedl et al., 1996). Therefore it is thought that polymorphisms in the PAX6 gene may be associated with developing a refractive error in humans. Hammond et al. (2004) carried out a genomewide scan of 221 dyzygotic twins and found 5 SNPs with strong linkage to the PAX6 gene but no associtaion, suggesting that PAX6 may influence myopia development. Another study perfomed by Simpson et al. (2007) used 25 tag SNPs, which covered the PAX6 gene, and found no association between PAX6 and refractive error. However, more recent studies have suggested there is an association between the PAX6 gene and high myopia (Tsai et al., 2008; Han et al., 2009). It seems an association may exist but due to the lack of evidence further investigation is required to fully understand the potential influence of the PAX6 gene in myopia development. TGIF The transforming growth ÃŽ ²-induced factor (TGIF) gene functions as a transcriptional repressor. Mutations in TGIF have been identfied in patients with holoprosencephaly; a common congenital forebrain development defect (Satoh et al., 2008). Young et al. (1998) identified MYP2 locus on chromosome 18p11.31 to be associated with autosomal dominant high myopia. The TGIF gene has been mapped to be located within the MYP2 interval and therefore is considered as a candidate gene for MYP2-associated high myopia. However, studies investigating the relationship between TGIF and high myopia have not found any association (Scavello et al., 2004; Hasumi et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2009) Although experimental science has found a strong expression of TGIF in mice during early stages of retinal development (Satoh et al., 2008), the exact role of TGIF in neural development is not fully understood. Further research is required to determine the underlying mechanisms and influence of TGIF in developmental processes. HGF The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been found to be strongly linked to determining the eye size in mice i.e. causing myopia (Zhou et al., 1999). HGF has also been closely associated with biological mechanisms influencing axial myopia such as critical scleral remolding proteinases (Hamasuna et al., 1999; Gong et al., 2003). This makes HGF a potential candidate gene for myopia. A recent family-based study found a positive association between a HGF gene polymorphism and high myopia in the Han Chinese population (Han et al.,2006). However, another study by Wang et al. (2009) found little association between HGF and myopia. It seems many candidate genes have been suggested to be associated with myopia, particularly with high myopia loci, but none of them have been proven to be clearly involved (Scavello et al., 2004; Young, T. L., 2004; Wang et al., 2009). Environmental Influence Normally in humans the eyes develop from neonatal hypermetropia to emmetropia in the early years of life (Fredrick, 2002). However, this same process in animal models can be disrupted by environmental factors. Experimental animal studies have shown that if an image is not allowed to be focussed on the retina, either by suturing eyelids or placing diffusers over the eye, then myopia will develop (Wallman et al., 1978; Raviola et al., 1985; Siegwart et al., 1998). In human infants naturally occuring diseases, such as congenital cataracts and periocular haemangiomas, cause similar vision deprivation. In eyes that are left untreated, axial elongation and myopia develops (Hoyt et al., 1981; Fredrick, 2002), however not all these patients develop myopia (Young et al., 2007). Therefore the emmetropisation process may be sensitive to envronmental factors but it is not solely influenced by them. Myopia prevalence is increasing and becoming a more significant public health problem (Saw et al., 1996; Fredrick, 2002; Paluru et al., 2003). The use-abuse theory suggests that near work causes myopia, therefore people that are highly educated are more like to be myopic than others (Saw et al., 1996). However educational attainment is related to intellect which is strongly influenced by genes, therefore the use-abuse theory should not be solely considered as an environmental factor (Dirani et al., 2008b). Differences in myopia prevalence between the old and new generations also suggest that myopia is more likely to be influenced by environmental changes, such as increased near work like surfing the internet, rather than genetic changes. However, even in these modern times with a high incidence of myopia, there are individuals that do not develop myopia. This supports the theory of influential interaction between genetics and environment factors i.e. some individuals are genetically predisposed that makes them more susceptible to develop myopia due to environmental risk factors, such as near work (Lyhne et al., 2001). Gene-environment interaction In this theory it is assumed that myopia results from both genetic and environmental factors. This means that in the parental generation, those that have myopia genes may not develop myopia due to lack of exposure to environmental risk factors and those that have no myopia genes but are exposed to the environmental risk may become myopic. Therefore this makes it very difficult to study the potential impact of this theory, particularly where there are large changes in the environment and prevalence of myopia between old and new generations (Morgan et al., 2005). Saw et al. (2001) found that although a gene-environment interaction may exist for myopia, the association between near work and myopia is different for children with no, one or two myopic parents. The study found that children can be classified as high or low-risk depending on if parental myopia exists e.g. those with two myopic parents and high environmental exposure have a significatntly higher chance of developing myopia compared to those on the opposite scale. However, it is not known whether family history is a factor due mainly to inheritance or to common lifestyle, nor is it known how inheritance might interact with nearwork (Goss, 2000). In 2001 Lyhne et al. performed a study to investigate the genetic and environmental impact on myopia. The study found a strong heritability value for myopia but no significant environmental impact. Other studies have also explored the complex gene-environment theory but have not found any conclusive results (Zadnik et al., 1994; Saw et al., 2001). Many studies looking at the potential interaction between genes and environment use a classic quantitative method to analyse their results. This method does not take into account the potential influence of gene-environment interactions. Therefore to get a true quantitative estimation of interaction the model needs to include a very large population sample with reliable information on early life environmental encounters, such as study habits (Lyhne et al., 2001). However, the environment may have a significant influence, especially when you compare the increasing prevalence of myopia with the modern world where there is better educational, increasing computer usage and mobile phones etc. The gene-environment interaction theory needs to be investigated further to help understand the relative influence of individual factors and how they work together. DISCUSSION It is generally accepted that myopia is a complex disease and its increasing prevalence is becoming a more significant public health problem; there is the social impact of visual disability and economic impact of treatment costs. This has instigated many research projects to help identify underlying mechanisms influencing myopia onset and progression. Current mapping techniques include linkage-analysis and association studies Credibility of  Mapping Techniques Each has its own advantages and researchers tend to use a combination of mapping techniques to help identify myopia loci and study potential disease genes. Many myopia loci have been identified and candidate genes have been suggested, but no specific genes have been identified to cause myopia. Results from family studies and twin studies have suggested there is a strong genetic influence in myopia development. However, the genes involved in complex or multi-factorial diseases are difficult to identify and their influence may be affected by unrelated genes and environment (Young, 2004). Therefore when selecting samples for studies care needs to be taken to ensure any discrepancies are kept to a minimum and taken into account when interpreting results. Other factors such as environment have also been implicated in the development of myopia, especially when looking at results from animal studies. The main environmental risk factor is considered to be increasing near work but there are possibly other environmental aspects to also consider such as personality, social and cultural factors. Understanding each factor in association to myopia will help further understand the environmental influence and the extent of interaction between genes and environment. This gives rise to the gene-environment theory which is very difficult to study. This is because myopia is a complex disease where several different influential factors may need to be taken into consideration when performing a study. Again much more investigative research is required to understand and add substance to this theory. In 2003 the 13-year Human Genome Project was completed and identified approximately all the genes in the human DNA. Currently analysis of the data is continuing through many research projects. Further advancements in genetic research and technology will definitely benefit the human population and hopefully ongoing research will eventually give us a much better insight into the underlying mechanisms of myopia development. This will in turn help determine the relative influence between genetics and environment, and eventually help develop better therapies to manage myopia.

Effect Of Alexander Graham Bell On Todays Society Essay -- Biography

The importance of Alexander Graham Bell on today's society is visible, or rather audible, everywhere. First and most importantly, Alexander Graham Bell was a prolific teacher of the deaf. He considered this to be his true life's work, but only one of the many important things he did. With his great research of speech and sound, he would become one of the greatest inventors of all time. His own definition of an inventor is "a man who looks upon the world and is not contented with things as they are. He wants to improve whatever he sees, he wants to benefit the world." suits him well. Every thing that he did had an impact on someone, and it was true that he wanted to improve the world. Alexander Graham Bell was born Aleck Bell in Edinburgh, Scotland, Melville and Eliza Symonds Bell. His father, Melville Bell, invented Visible Speech, a code of symbols for all spoken sounds that was used in teaching deaf people to speak. His mother, Eliza Bell, was deaf, this lead Melville and Alexander to exploration in the subject of teaching deaf people. Alexander Bell studied at Edinburgh University in 1864 and worked with his father at University College, London, from 1868-70. During this time, he became deeply interested in the study of sound and the mechanics of speech, inspired in part by the audio experiments of German physicist Hermann Von Helmholtz, which gave Bell the idea of telegraphing speech. When young Bell's two brothers died of tuberculosis, Melville Bell took his family to the healthier climate of Canada in 1870. From there, Aleck Bell went to Boston, Massachusetts and in 1871 and joined the staff of the Boston School for the Deaf. In 1872, Bell opened his own school in Boston for training teachers of the deaf. In 1873 he bec... ...ham Bell. New York: Harry S. Abrams, 1997 "Alexander Graham Bell" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 5 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. "Telephone" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 1 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. "Alessandro Volta" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 5 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. "United States Patent and Trademark Office" Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 4 May 2005. Wikipedia. 7 May 2005. Hounshell, David A. "Bell, Alexander Graham." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. . Brodsky, Arthur R. "Telephone." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. . Christiansen, John B. "Deafness." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. . Brodsky, Arthur R. "Telegraph." World Book Online Reference Center. 2005. World Book, Inc. 7 May 2005. .